Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and by Andrew L. Russell

By Andrew L. Russell

How did openness turn into a foundational price for the networks of the twenty-first century? Open criteria and the electronic Age solutions this question via an interdisciplinary historical past of data networks that will pay shut recognition to the politics of standardization. for a lot of the 20th century, details networks resembling the monopoly Bell approach and the yankee military's Arpanet have been closed platforms topic to centralized keep watch over. within the Nineteen Seventies and Eighties besides the fact that, engineers within the usa and Europe experimented with layout concepts to create new electronic networks. within the approach, they embraced discourses of 'openness' to explain their ideological commitments to entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and participatory democracy. The rhetoric of openness has flourished – for instance, in activities for open govt, open resource software program, and open entry publishing – yet such rhetoric additionally obscures the methods the net and different 'open' structures nonetheless rely seriously on hierarchical types of control.

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